Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics 

Supplement 2, 2011
Home page
 
 

Other articles 

in this supplement
The synagogue in Zhovkva: history and architectural development
(download full version)

Boyko O.

In this article I consider historical development of construction of the stone synagogue in Zhovkva, one of the largest synagogues in Eastern Europe. Concerning its spatial and design solutions, it demonstrates the two structures typical for the Ukrainian synagogues built in Halychyna and Volyn. These are characterized by a supporting bema and a nine-field construction. Replacement of the first constructive scheme for the second one clearly emphasizes the advantage of the latter, which has been widespread in the Ukrainian lands till the middle of the 20th century.

Keywords: Zhovkva, Jews, synagogue, prayer hall, women’s courtyard, Aron Kodesh, supporting bema, nine-field scheme

UDC: 726.3 (477.4)
Ukr. J. Phys. Opt. 12, Suppl.2, S18-S46
doi: 10.3116/16091833/12/4/S18/2011
Received: 24.09.2011

Анотація. Анотація. В статті розглядається будівельний розвиток мурованої синагоги в Жовкві – однієї з найбільших синагог у Східній Европі. В планувально-просторовому вирішенні вона демонструє дві структури, характерні для українських синагог Галичини і Волині: з бімою-опорою і дев’ятипільну. Заміна першої конструктивної схеми на другу наочно підкреслює перевагу другої, поширеної  на українських землях до середини XX ст.
REFERENCES
  1. Barącz S, Memorials of the Zhovkva town [Pamiątki miasta Żółkwi]. Lwów: Drukiem Piotra Pillera (1852).
  2. Sсhall J, Ancient Zhovkva and Jews. Lviv: Jewish Religious Community in Zhovkva [Dawna Żółkiew i Żydzi, Lwów: Żydowska Gmina Wyznaniowa w Żółkwi] (1939).
  3. Grotte A, Deutsche, böhmische und polnische Synagogentypen vom XI. bis Anfang des XIX. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Der Zirkel (1915). 
  4. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60, Materials for the project of repairing and restoration works on the monument of architecture, a synagogue in the town of Nesteriv [Zhovkva], Lviv Region. Historical reference (S Bokalo) [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60, Materialy do proektu remontno-restavratsiynykh robit po pamyatnyku arkhitektury synagogy v m. Nesterovi (Zhovkvi) Lvivskoyi oblasti. Istorychna dovidka (S Bokalo)].
  5. Sadowska E-J. Renaissance synagogue in Zhovkva. Studies in the history of architecture and urbanism dedicated to Professor Joseph Thomas Frazikow [Renesansowa synagoga w Żółkwi. Studia z historii architektury i urbanistyki poświęcone profesorowi Józefowi Tomaszowi Frazikowi]. Instytut Historii Architektury i Konserwacji Zabytków. Ed. by Kazimierz Kuśnierza, Zdzisława Tołłoczko. Kraków, 1999. 233–242.
  6. Piechotka M & K, Heaven’s gates. Wooden synagogues on the territories of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Warsaw: Krupski i S-ka, (2004). 
  7. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-5, Synagogue in Zhovkva, Lviv [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-5, Synagoga v Zhovkvi, Lviv].
  8. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 616, Register 1, File 55, Sheet 22 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 616, op. 1, spr. 55, ark. 22].
  9. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60, Report on the results of archaeological and architectural researches of the synagogue and the adjacent territory (the town of Zhovkva, Lviv Region, 2001). Archaeological Rescue Service of the Ivan Franko Lviv National University and the Institute of Archaeology (Osaulchuk O and Shyshak V) [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60, Zvit pro pidsumky arkheologichno-arkhitekturnykh doslidzhen synagogy ta prylegloyi do neyi terytoriyi v m. Zhovkva Lvivskoyi oblasti u 2001 rotsi. Ryativna arkheologicna sluzhba LNU imeni Ivana Franka, Instytut arkheologiyi (Osaulchuk O, Shyshak V)].
  10. Baliński M and Lipiński T, Ancient Poland in historical, geographical and statistical terms [Starożytna Polska pod względem historycznym, geograficznym i statystycznym] [reprint] Vol. XI (1844).
  11. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 146, Register 88, File 557, Sheet 77 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 146, op. 88, spr. 557, ark. 77].
  12. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 146, Register 88, File 557, Sheet 78 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 146, op. 88, spr. 557, ark. 78].
  13. Bałaban M, Jewish quarter: its history and monuments [Dzielnica Żydowska: jej dzieje i zabytki]. Biblioteka Lwowska. Vol. III. Warszawa: Polski dom wydawniczy (1990).
  14. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 146, Register 88, File 557, Sheet 55 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 146, op. 88, spr. 557, ark. 55].
  15. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 186, Register 5, File 234, Sheet 2 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 186, op. 5, spr. 234, ark. 2].
  16. Geographical dictionary of the Polish Kingdom and the other Slavish countries [Słownik geograficzny królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowjańskich]. Warszawa, 1895. Vol. XIV. 
  17. Index of territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth [Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej]. Vol. XIII. Województwo Lwowskie. Warszawa: Głowny urąd statystyczny (1924). 
  18. Kubiyovych V, Ethnic groups of the South-western Ukraine (of Halychyna) in 1 January, 1939. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz (1983) [Kubiyovych V, Etnichni grupy pivdennozahidnyoyi Ukrayiny (Galychyny) na 1.1.1939. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz (1983)].
  19. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 146, Register 85, File 2367. Sheet 4–6 (1827) [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 146, op. 85, spr. 2367. ark. 4–6 (1827)].
  20. Bałaban M, Defensive synagogues in the eastern borderlands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth [Bożnice obronne na wschodnich kresach Rzeczypospolitej]. Warszawa: Nowe życie (1924).
  21. Sneider A, Antiquities of the town of Zhovkva [Starożytnosci miasta Żółkwi]. Lwów: nakł. Jana Dobrzańskiego (1867).
  22. Boyko O, 2007. Jewish district in the urban structure of Zolochiv. Galytska brama. 1–2: 145–146 [Boyko O, 2007. Yudeyska dilnytsya v mistobudivniy strukturi Zolocheva. Galytska brama. 1–2: 145–146].
  23. State Historical and Architectural Preserve in the town of Zhovkva. Historical reference to the ensemble based on literature and graphic sources. The complex scientific and engineering researches and the project of restoration and revitalization of the ensemble of residential district of the Rynok Square–Vicheva Square (Numbers 3–16) in the town of Zhovkva, Lviv Region, 2008 (Boyko O and Slobodyan V) [Derzhavnyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi zapovidnyk v m. Zhovkva. Istorychna dovidka na ansambl na osnovi literaturnykh ta grafichnykh dzherel. Kompleksni naukovi ta inzhenerni doslidzhennya i proyekt restavratsiyi ta revilitalizatsiyi ansamblyu zhytlovoyi zabudovy Rynkovoyi ploshchi – pl. Vicheva №№ 3–16 u m. Zhovkva Lvivskoyi obl., 2008 (Boyko O, Slobodyan V)].
  24. Vuytsyk V, State Historical and Architectural Preserve in Lviv. Lviv: Kameniar (1979) [Vuytsyk V, Derzhavnyi istoryko-arkhitekturnyi zapovidnyk u Lvovi. Lviv: Kameniar (1979)].
  25. Monuments of urban development and architecture of the Ukrainian Republic (Monuments of town building of Ukrainian Republic), Vol. 3. Kyiv: Budivelnyk (1985) [Pamyatniki gradostroitelstva i arkhitektury Ukrainskoy SSR (PGiA USSR), T. 3. Kyiv: Budivelnyk (1985)].
  26. Zajczyk Sz, 1933. Baroque architecture brick synagogues in Poland (Issues and systematics of the historical material) [Architektura barokowych bóźnic murowanych w Polsce (Zagadnienia i systematyka materialu zabytkowego)]. Biuleteń naukowy politechniki Warszawskiej. 4: 187–195.
  27. Szyszko-Bohusz A, 1930. Materials to the architecture of synagogues in Poland [Materiały do architektury bożnic w Polsce]. Prace komisji historji sztuki. IV: 2–43.
  28. Kravtsov S, 1994. Synagogues of the Western Ukraine: State-of-the-art and the problems for study. Collected Scientific Papers: Herald of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 2: 12–15 [Kravtsov S, 1994. Synagogy Zahidnoyi Ukrayiny: Stan i problemy vyvchennya. Zb. nauk. prats: Visn. In-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 2: 12–15]. 
  29. Kravtsov S, On the origin of nine-field stone synagogues. Jewish art in the European context. Ed. by I Rodov, Jerusalem, Moscow: Gesharim (2002) [Kravtsov S, O proishozhdeniyi devyatipolnykh kamennykh sinagog. Yevreyskoye iskusstvo v yevropeyskom kontekste. Pod red. I Rodova, Iyerusalim, Moskva: Gesharim (2002)].
  30. Hauser L, A monograph of the city of Przemysl. Przemysl: Poludniowo-Wschodni Instytut Nauk (1991).
  31. Gilewicz A and Różański J. Przemyśl and its outskirts [Przemyśl i okolice]. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka Warszawa (1964).
  32. Guide to Poland. Part 2. South-eastern Poland [Przewodnik po Polsce. Cz. 2. Polska Południowo-wschodnia]. Warszawa (1937).
  33. Nakopalo V, 2005. New research of the old Zhovkva Town Hall. Herald of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 15: 86–91 [Nakopalo V, 2005. Novi doslidzhennya staroyi zhovkivskoyi ratushi. Visn. In-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 15: 86–91].
  34. Chronicle of activities of the Circle of Conservators and correspondents in the Eastern Galicia [Kronika czynności Koła c.k. Konserwatorów i korespondentów Galicyi Wschdniej]. 1892. Teka konserwatorska. Lwów, S. 161.
  35. Boyko O, 2004. Jews of Belz and the history of synagogues. Collected Scientific Papers: Belz and the Belz lands. Issue I. 99–110 [Boyko O, 2004. Gebreyi Belza ta istoriya postannya synagog. Zb. nauk. prats: Belz i Belzka zemlya. Vyp. I. 99–110]. 
  36. Petryk V, Rybchynskyi O and Lukomskyi Yu, 2004. Investigation of planning structure of the former Jewish religious centre in Belz. Collected Scientific Papers: Belz and the Belz lands. Issue I. 28–32 [Petryk V, Rybchynskyi O, Lukomskyi Yu, 2004. Doslidzhennya planuvalnoyi struktury kolyshnyogo gebrayskogo religiynogo tsentru v Belzi. Zb. nauk. prats: Belz i Belzka zemlya. Vyp. I. 28–32].
  37. Orłowicz M, Illustrated guide on Galicia [Illustrowany przewodnik po Galicii]. Lwów (1914). 
  38. Antoniewicz Wł, 1914. The synagogue in Belz [Bożnica w Bełzie]. Warszawa-Lwów: Ziemia. Vol. V, Issue 1, 9–10.
  39. Zacharjewicz J, 1892. A tour to the Sokal District [Wycieczka w powiat Sokalski]. Teka konserwatorska. Lwów, S. 17.
  40. Slobodyan V, 2006. History of Roman Catholic churches in Bezl. Collected Scientific Papers: Belz and the Belz lands. Issue II. 176–185 [Slobodyan V, 2006. Istoriya belzkykh kosteliv. Zb. nauk. prats: Belz i Belzka zemlya. Vyp. II. 176–185].
  41. Boyko O and Slobodyan V, 2006. Of the history of Lviv monasteries. The monastery of Sacre Coeur Sisters. Herald of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 16: 64–71 [Boyko O, Slobodyan V, 2006. Z istoriyi Lvivskykh monastyriv. Monastyr sester Sakra Ker. Visn. In-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”. 16: 64–71].
  42. Schematismus der Königreich Galicien und Lodomerien für das Jahr 1842. Lemberg; Schematismus der Königreich Galicien und Lodomerien für das Jahr 1843. Lemberg. 
  43. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 146, Register 88, File 1139 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 146, op. 88, spr. 1139].
  44. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 186, Register 5, File 234, Sheet 2 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 186, op. 5, spr. 234, ark. 2].
  45. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 186, Register 5, File 237, Sheet 2 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 186, op. 5, spr. 237, ark. 2].
  46. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 616, Register 1, File 55, Sheet 22 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 616, op. 1, spr. 55, ark. 22].
  47. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 616, Register 1, File 40, Sheet 50 (1905) [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 616, op. 1, spr. 40. ark. 50 (1905)].
  48. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 616, Register 1, File 42, Sheet 19 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 616, op. 1, spr. 42. ark. 19].
  49. Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Lviv, Bank 616, Register 1, File 55, Sheet 12 [Tsentralnyi derzhavnyi istorychnyi arkhiv Ukrayiny u Lvovi, fond 616, op. 1, spr. 55, ark. 12].
  50. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Materials for the project of repairing and restoration works on the monument of architecture, a synagogue in the town of Nesteriv, Lviv Region, 1970 [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Materialy do proektu remontno-rastavratsiynykh robit po pamyatnyku arkhitektury synagogy v m. Nesterovi Lvivskoyi obl., 1970].
  51. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-5. Project proposals for the restoration of the synagogue and its adaptation to museum, 1980 (U Pikhurko, M Veres and V Rogozov) [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-5. Proyektni propozytsiyi z restavratsiyi ta prystosuvannya synagogy pid muzey, 1980 (U Pikhurko, M Veres, V Rogozov)].
  52. Archive of the Institute “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-15. Project of restoration and rebuilding of facades, with the reconstruction of the southern gallery, 2007 (O Vasylyna) [Arkhiv in-tu “Ukrzakhidproektrestavratsiya”, Lo-60-15. Proekt restavratsiyi ta vidnovlennya fasadiv z rekonstruktsiyeyu pivdennoyi galereyi, 2007 (O Vasylyna)].
(c) Ukrainian Journal of Physical Optics